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So What Is A Frequency Synthesizer? The answer to that is easy, it is a programable frequency multiplier, usually using digital logic integrated circuits. The synthesizer is arranged to multiply a reference frequency by a programable amount to achieve just about any...

Frequency Modulation

Frequency Modulation

Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing. In analog frequency modulation, such as...

Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

  (1) The low level generation of AM (DSB + Carrier) and the progressive amplification of that RF signal with the final stage being a Linear RF amplifier--Class AB. In the case of the low level modulation approach, one could use either a 2 quadrant or 4 quadrant...

IC 741 Tutorial

IC 741 Tutorial

What exactly is an OPerational AMPlifier? Let's define what that component is and look at the parameters of this amazing device. An operational amplifier IC is a solid-state integrated circuit that uses external feedback to control its functions. It is one of the most...

IC 555 Tutorial

IC 555 Tutorial

The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the Signetics Corporation as the SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine" and was also the very first and only commercial timer ic available. It provided circuit designers and hobby tinkerers with a...

Valve Basic Theory

Valve Basic Theory

Basic Understanding of Valves: The vacuum tube, in its very primitive form, evolved from the light bulb. Invented by Thomas A Edison in 1883, the incandescent lamp, had 3 basic necessities to operate: The Envelope, The Filament, The Vacuum The envelope is basically a...

Voltage and Current

Voltage and Current

We have already discussed two terms VOLTAGE and CURRENT. Now it is time to discuss them further. VOLTAGE is the term used to describe the electrical "pressure" or difference of potential that we spoke of earlier. Just as water pressure is the force in physics that...

Resistors in Series Parallel

Resistors in Series Parallel

Whenever we work with circuits in the real world, they are seldom as straightforward as a simple series or parallel circuit. Normally, they are a combination of the two, called a SERIES-PARALLEL circuit. While they look forbidding at first, you must keep in mind that...

Resistors in Series

Resistors in Series

Ohm's Law teaches us that Voltage is equal to the product of resistance and current. This is fine if we have a circuit as simple as a single light run by a battery. But how often do we truly encounter a circuit which has only one resistance? It is actually quite...

Resistors in Parallel

Resistors in Parallel

As we mentioned earlier, there were 2 types of circuits, SERIES and PARALLEL. We have already gone thru Series. Now we are going to discuss the difference between a Series and a PARALLEL circuit. In the series circuit, all the electricity followed the same path. In...

Weather Station coming up

  We will be installing a weather station in this area. You will be able to see local temperature, humidity, wind direction and wind speed.

Maxwell’s Equations

Quantities and units. Electricity is a difficult substance to appreciate with the human senses. About the only way you get a feeling for it is to moisten the tongue and apply it between the terminals of a 9 volt battery. Of course, you get more idea if you are...

Semiconductors: Diodes and Transistors

Semiconductors: Diodes & Transistors In the early days of electricity there were only two groups of material: insulators and conductors. Insulators are matters, which do not allow the flow of electric current through them. Glass, porcelain, dry air and dry wood...

FM Detector

FM stands for Frequency Modulation. It means that the RF-frequency will change according to the input audio signal. Example: A FM radio signal at 105.1MHz will not be exactly stable at 105.1MHz, The audio signal in the RF will modulate (change) the frequency for about...

Single Side Band – SSB – Part 2

Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC): Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) modulation was the basis for all long distance telephone communications up until the last decade. It was called "L carrier." It consisted of groups of telephone conversations...

Single Side Band – SSB – Part 1

What is Single Side-band? Before you can understand what SSB is, you must understand how audio is transmitted via radio waves. The method by which audio is impressed on a radio signal is called modulation. The two types of modulation that most people are familiar with...

Quad Amplitude Modulation

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)- Brief Discussion I & Q modulation, A.K.A., QAM, is a method for sending two separate (and uniquely different) channels of information. As you know, the carrier is shifted to create two carriers: sin and cos versions. The two...

Modulation Demodulation

Modulation/Demodulation is a Nonlinear Process where Two Sinusoids are Multiplied (F1 x F2). The Product of this Multiplication--in the Time Domain--is a wave whose Amplitude is: a(X) = a(F1) X a(F2). However, in the Frequency Domain there is an Addition and...
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