So What Is A Frequency Synthesizer? The answer to that is easy, it is a programable frequency multiplier, usually using digital logic integrated circuits. The synthesizer is arranged to multiply a reference frequency by a programable amount to achieve just about any...
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Frequency Modulation
Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing. In analog frequency modulation, such as...
Amplitude Modulation
(1) The low level generation of AM (DSB + Carrier) and the progressive amplification of that RF signal with the final stage being a Linear RF amplifier--Class AB. In the case of the low level modulation approach, one could use either a 2 quadrant or 4 quadrant...
IC 741 Tutorial
What exactly is an OPerational AMPlifier? Let's define what that component is and look at the parameters of this amazing device. An operational amplifier IC is a solid-state integrated circuit that uses external feedback to control its functions. It is one of the most...
IC 555 Tutorial
The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the Signetics Corporation as the SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine" and was also the very first and only commercial timer ic available. It provided circuit designers and hobby tinkerers with a...
Valve Basic Theory
Basic Understanding of Valves: The vacuum tube, in its very primitive form, evolved from the light bulb. Invented by Thomas A Edison in 1883, the incandescent lamp, had 3 basic necessities to operate: The Envelope, The Filament, The Vacuum The envelope is basically a...
Voltage and Current
We have already discussed two terms VOLTAGE and CURRENT. Now it is time to discuss them further. VOLTAGE is the term used to describe the electrical "pressure" or difference of potential that we spoke of earlier. Just as water pressure is the force in physics that...
Resistors in Series Parallel
Whenever we work with circuits in the real world, they are seldom as straightforward as a simple series or parallel circuit. Normally, they are a combination of the two, called a SERIES-PARALLEL circuit. While they look forbidding at first, you must keep in mind that...
Resistors in Series
Ohm's Law teaches us that Voltage is equal to the product of resistance and current. This is fine if we have a circuit as simple as a single light run by a battery. But how often do we truly encounter a circuit which has only one resistance? It is actually quite...
Resistors in Parallel
As we mentioned earlier, there were 2 types of circuits, SERIES and PARALLEL. We have already gone thru Series. Now we are going to discuss the difference between a Series and a PARALLEL circuit. In the series circuit, all the electricity followed the same path. In...
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