Frequency Modulation

Frequency Modulation

Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and computing. In analog frequency modulation, such as...
Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

  (1) The low level generation of AM (DSB + Carrier) and the progressive amplification of that RF signal with the final stage being a Linear RF amplifier–Class AB. In the case of the low level modulation approach, one could use either a 2 quadrant or 4...
IC 741 Tutorial

IC 741 Tutorial

What exactly is an OPerational AMPlifier? Let’s define what that component is and look at the parameters of this amazing device. An operational amplifier IC is a solid-state integrated circuit that uses external feedback to control its functions. It is one of...
IC 555 Tutorial

IC 555 Tutorial

The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the Signetics Corporation as the SE555/NE555 and was called “The IC Time Machine” and was also the very first and only commercial timer ic available. It provided circuit designers and hobby tinkerers...
Valve Basic Theory

Valve Basic Theory

Basic Understanding of Valves: The vacuum tube, in its very primitive form, evolved from the light bulb. Invented by Thomas A Edison in 1883, the incandescent lamp, had 3 basic necessities to operate: The Envelope, The Filament, The Vacuum The envelope is basically a...